夜间公路车灯照明与行车安全研究

研究生：雷东霖

指导教师：杨轸副研究员

二零一七年六月

国际照明委员会（CIE）的统计数据表明，夜间行车的事故发生率是白天的三倍，且死亡事故发生的概率更是接近白天的3.7倍。除了驾驶员的困倦及视觉疲劳外，夜间事故多发的主要原因有两点：一是交通环境照度低，致使驾驶员视认能力降低；二是驾驶员易受对向车辆远光灯的影响，产生眼部失能眩光，视功能降低。

当前对道路照明与行车安全的研究多集中在有固定照明设施的情况下，对于没有照明设施的普通公路，这方面的研究较少。因此，本文将进行夜间公路车灯照明与行车安全方面的研究，包括车灯照明情形下的视认能力研究、会车情形下的视认能力研究、会车眩光的度量及其对视认能力的影响研究、驾驶人夜间会车时的车灯使用习惯和意识研究等内容。本研究将基于若干个实车实验展开。

基于车灯照明情形下的视认距离测量实验和模拟障碍物与路面对比度测量实验，本文研究了车灯照明情形下驾驶人对障碍物视认距离的变化特征和影响因素，并得出视认距离和实验车速、障碍物灰度之间的定量关系，提出了保证夜间行车视认距离的建议。

基于会车情形下的视认距离测量实验，本文研究并比较了在不同车灯状态组合下，驾驶人对障碍物的视认距离的异同和变化特征，分析和解释了背后的原因，提出了会车双方的较优车灯使用策略。

基于会车眩光强度测算实验，本文研究了对向车灯造成的眩光的客观测算强度和主观感受强度，并对比分析了两者的相关关系以及两者随距离的变化特征，还研究了眩光强度对视认距离的影响，得到了两者的定量关系。

此外，驾驶人在夜间会车时的车灯使用习惯和意识直接决定了会车眩光的影响程度，本文基于“夜间会车时远近光切换”的问卷调查结果和会车实验结果，提出了针对广大驾驶人和交通管理者的建议，包括驾驶水平、文明使用车灯、会车情况下的车灯使用策略等方面。

关键词：夜间行车，车灯照明，视认距离，会车眩光，眩光度量，车灯使用策略

ABSTRACT

The statistics  of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) show that the rate of  accidents at night is three times that of daytime and the probability of a  fatal accident is 3.7 times that of daytime. In addition to the driver's  drowsiness and visual fatigue, there are two main reasons for night  accidents. First, the low illumination reduces driver's vision; Second, the  driver is vulnerable to the impact of the high beam of the incoming car, the  glare reduces driver's vision.

The current  research on road lighting and driving safety is concentrated in the case of  fixed lighting facilities, rather than the case of general highway without  road lamp. Therefore, this thesis will carry out the study on headlight  lighting and driving safety without road lamp in the nighttime. Including  visual recognition ability under the circumstances of headlight lighting,  glare measurement and the impact of glare on vison, driver’s lights using  habits and so on. The study will be based on a number of real vehicle experiments.

Based on the  visual distance measurement experiment and the obstacle-and-road contrast  measurement experiment, the characteristics and influencing factors of the  visual distance on the obstacle are studied, and the quantitative  relationship among the visual distance and the speed of the experimental car  and the gray scale of the obstacle is obtained.

Also, this  thesis studies the similarities and differences of the visual distance under  different lighting conditions, and quantitatively prove that the optimal  vehicle usage strategy is: when the two cars are close to a certain degree,  use low beam, both.

Based on the  glare measurement experiment, this thesis analyses the relationship between  glare intensity and people’s feelings, and the influence of glare intensity  on visual distance, a quantitative relationship between them is obtained.

Finally, based  on a survey about high beam and low beam switching during nighttime with an  oncoming car, this thesis presents recommendations for drivers and managers:  to improve the driving skill; to enhance the sense of rational headlight  using; to improve the cost of breaking the law of headlight using.

Key Words: night driving, headlight lighting, range of visibility, glare of  meeting, glare measurement, lamp using strategy