摘要 交通标志和标线作为两种重要且使用率最高的交通工程及安全设施，对保障交通安全、通行效率起着重要作用。但随着运营时间的推移，标志标线的性能会随之下降，导致安全引导和保障功能的减弱，容易诱发拥堵、冲突以及交通事故。故科学的标志标线养护管理是十分必要的。 论文以高速公路运营安全性为根本出发点，以视认安全性为核心，对标志标线的实际养护状态和视认安全性进行评价，主要开展了以下几个方面的研究： 首先，论文阐述了安全养护的概念，对标志标线的损坏类型、养护评价周期、养护工程质量进行了分析，确定了标志标线的安全养护评价内容和关键指标。 接着对标志标线的夜间视认性进行研究。梳理了逆反射原理的相关概念，分析了标志的逆反射影响因素，计算了动态距离下入射角与观测角的变化特征,并以调研数据分析了标志逆反射系数的一些性质。根据前人的研究确定了标志夜间可视性的评价指标和评价标准。对于标线，利用调研数据简要分析了标线逆反射亮度系数的主要影响因素，并借鉴前人的研究成果提出了标线视认性水平的概念和计算方法，设定了标线视认性水平的最小建议值。 之后论文对指路标志信息量进行了研究。分析确定了标志信息度量的方式，采用驾驶模拟试验，利用眼动仪和模拟软件采集了驾驶者的眼动数据和驾驶行为数据，对试验数据进行预处理，对分析指标进行了构造和筛选。提出了信息量修正的概念，利用主成分分析方法建立了标志信息量回归模型和标志信息量修正方程，用于对破损标志的信息量进行修正。采用聚类分析的方法对标志信息量阈值进行了分析，并对阈值的合理性进行了分析。 最后，论文对研究成果进行了总结，指出了不足之处，对今后的研究方向进行了展望。 关键词：标志标线，养护，安全性，逆反射，信息量。 ABSTRACT Traffic sign and pavement markings are the two important traffic control and safety devices with the highest usage，which play an important role in the traffic safety and efficiency. However, the performance of traffic sign and pavement markings will decline with its utility time, which leads to the reduction in the function of guide and safety insurance and may easily induce traffic congestion, conflicts and accidents. Thus, scientific maintenance management of traffic sign and pavement markings is very essential. The dissertation regards the operation safety of freeway as the fundamental starting point and the visual recognition safety as the core. Based on this principle, an evaluation is conducted in the maintenance condition and the visual recognition safety of traffic sign and pavement markings in aspects as following: Firstly, the concept of safety maintenance is stated and the worn type, the maintenance evaluation period and the maintenance engineering quality of traffic sign and pavement markings are analyzed, based on which the safety maintenance contents and key indexes of traffic sign and pavement markings are determined. Secondly, a research on the nighttime visibility of traffic sign and pavement markings is conducted. After clarifying several concepts of retroreflector, the influencing factors of sign retro reflectivity are analyzed and a calculation of entrance angle and observation angle in dynamic distances is conducted in order to find out their change characteristics. Also some characters of the coefficient of retroreflector are analyzed with the use of measurement data. Then the evaluation index and criterion for sign nighttime visibility are determined based on the previous work. As for pavement markings, the main influencing factors of the coefficient of retroreflected luminance are analyzed briefly with the use of measurement data. The concept of visibility level and calculation method are proposed and the recommended minimum visibility level is set according to the previous work. Thirdly, a research on the information quantity of traffic guide sign is conducted in detail. The ways of information quantity measurement are analyzed and determined. Then a driving simulation test is conducted with the collection of the drivers’ eye movement parameters and driving behavior by using eye tracker and the driving simulation software. The test data is analyzed and the analyzing indexes are designed and screened. Then the concept of information quantity correction is proposed. Next, a regression model of traffic guide sign information quantity and an equation of information quantity correction are established by using the method of Principal Component Analysis（PCA）in order to correct the information quantity of worn traffic guide signs. After that, a clustering analysis method is used to determine the threshold of information quantity and the rationality of the threshold is also discussed. Finally, a summary of the research was made to point out the inadequacies of the research and prospects of future direction of study. Key Words: Traffic sign and pavement markings, maintenance, safety, retroreflection, information quantity. |
硕士论文