摘要 随着全国高速公路通车里程地不断增长，冰雪天气下行车安全成为高速公路运营安全的重大隐患。近几年，南方频繁出现的低温结冰、冻雨等恶劣气象条件使道路交通通行能力大大下降甚至导致交通中断，造成的经济财产损失成千上亿。因此，对南方地区春、秋、冬季节路面结冰展开研究十分有必要，随着高等级公路网络的形成，交通智能化管理正迅速发展并日趋完善，而冰雪天气条件下高速公路安全控制也将成为ITS的一部分，其应用范围和功能将进一步扩大。因此，本文的研究内容也具有良好的应用前景和潜在的社会经济效益。 首先，对国内外文献进行调研并结合南方气候特点，归纳出4种典型的冰雪天气类型并分析其形成机理和对行车安全的影响；从人、车、路、环境系统分析冰雪天气下可能影响行车安全的因素及其影响机理，进一步提取出冰雪天气行车风险因素：路面抗滑性、能见度、积雪、道路线形、驾驶员心理状态，并对各个风险因素赋予评价指标进行量化。 其次，道路结冰时程预估能够提高行车警惕性，有助于冰雪天气下高速公路的安全管理。以室内结冰模拟试验为手段，观察冰的形成与消融过程，分析降雨量、温度、风等参数与结冰、融冰之间的联系，对两种路面的结冰时程进行数据采集和分析，提出了实验环境下的结冰时程预估值。 再次，冰雪天气下安全车速模型的研究是进行安全管理的基础，为车速控制标准的制定提供参考。充分考虑冰雪天气行车风险因素的影响，主要从理论与实验两方面展开：理论分析中运用停车视距模型，分析纵向安全约束条件下的安全车速，横向约束条件则通过计算车辆抗侧滑和抗侧翻最大极限速度作为曲线段安全行车的保证。实验分析主要是通过驾驶仿真实验，分析冰雪天气下的环境参数（路面摩阻系数、能见度）与平均车速之间的相关性，建立安全车速模型。 再次，整合理论计算和驾驶仿真实验结果，提出冰雪条件下分路段分车型的车速控制标准建议，并对道路结冰信息和车速控制标准进行实时动态信息发布。 最后，对研究成果进行总结，指出研究过程中的不足之处，并对今后的研究方向进行展望。 关键词：高速公路，冰雪天气，行车风险，结冰时程，安全运行车速。 ABSTRACT With the rapid increase of the mileage of the national freeway, the traffic safety in ice and snow days become a hazard of freeway operation. In recent years, the frequent occurrence of freezing rain and low temperature freezing weather caused serious decline of traffic capacity, even traffic interruption, which losing thousands and tens of millions yuan. It is necessary to research on icy road during spring, autumn and winter in South. Along with the formation of the freeway network, the intelligent traffic management is developing rapidly and gradually mature. Meanwhile, the freeway safety control under ice and snow conditions will also be a part of Intelligent Transportation System, which application and function will be further expanded. Therefore, the research of this paper has a good application prospect and potential social and economic benefits. First of all, on the basis of a great deal of literature at home and abroad and combining with the characteristics of southern climate, this paper summarizes four typical types of ice and snow and analyzes their forming mechanism and effect on driving safety. Analyzing the system of driver, vehicle, road and environment, the paper also lists many factors that may affect driving safety in ice and snow days. Furthermore, five main driving risk factors are extracted: road surface slip resistance, visibility, snow cover, road alignment and drivers' mental state. Then quantize each evaluation index of risk factors. Second, the road icy time-histories estimate can improve the traffic alert and contribute to freeway safety management under ice and snow weather. To observe the formation and melting of ice on road simulate the weather along freeway indoors. Then analyze the relation between parameters such as rainfall, temperature, wind and freezing and melting process. By means of collecting and analyzing the data of two kinds of road icing, this paper puts forward the road ice time-histories forecasts in experiment. Third, the study of safety speed model is the basis of the standards for the speed control under ice and snow weather, and can provide a reference for the speed control standards. This part includes theory and experiment analysis. The theoretical part on ice and snow weather, by using the stopping sight distance model, analyses the safety speed in the condition of longitudinal security constraints, and considers the longitudinal slope as well. Lateral constraint condition use the maximum limit speeds as the safety driving assurance in curve sections, which calculate from resisting vehicle sideslip and roll over. For another, experimental analysis is mainly based on the driving simulation experiment. According to discuss the correlations between the environment parameters (road surface friction coefficient, visibility) and the safety speed, establish the safety speed model. Once more, this paper integrates the theoretical and experimental parts, and puts forward advices about the speed control standard of different road sections and different types of car under ice and snow conditions. In addition, release the icy roads information and speed control standards by dynamic information in real time. Finally, this paper summarizes the research achievements and points out the deficiencies and future research directions. Key Words: freeway, ice and snow weather, driving risk, icing time-histories, safety driving speed. |
硕士论文