摘要 近十余年以来，伴随着交通基础设施的大规模建设，我国经济发展需求与运输能力不足的矛盾得到一定程度的缓解。然而，在相当长的一段时期内，道路安全工作未能相应跟进，导致了交通安全问题的凸现，其中高速公路安全问题尤为突出。 在道路安全管理中，需要考虑的因素众多，管理人员的决策往往过多依赖经验而缺乏足够的理论支持；尤其在时效性要求很高的实时交通管理中，各种数据纷繁复杂，仅依靠手工处理必然拖缓决策速度。因此，利用快速发展的计算机等技术，以既有的理论和经验为基础，创建针对管理人员的决策支持系统，就成为提高反应速度、保证决策质量的重要途径。具备空间分析功能以及良好图文交互性能的地理信息系统（GIS）则可以作为道路安全管理决策支持系统的优秀平台。 本文依托“杭州湾大桥交通安全运营管理系统”的研发，将道路安全管理工作划分为实时安全管理和长期安全改善两个层面，建立了决策支持系统相关模型，并将部分模型成功地应用于实践。 首先，本文在对国内外相关理论和技术进行充分调研，并对影响高速公路安全的各种因素进行概要总结及时效性分析的基础上，确定了高速公路交通安全管理决策支持系统的功能层次及各层次的主要内容。 继而，在实时安全管理层面，本文对其流程和应采用模式进行了深入的分析。以灾害性天气下的安全管理为研究的切入点和例证，对包含信息采集、数据分析处理、信息发布在内的实时安全管理流程进行了阐述、分析；在对路段区、服务区和立交区的安全对策进行分析、比较的基础上，建议了高速公路实时安全管理应采取的模式。基于上述结论，并结合GIS相关理论，建立了适于实时安全管理模式的路网模型。 然后，在长期安全改善层面，对事故多发段点鉴别、改善措施评价的相关数学模型进行了分析和概括总结，并简要叙述了适用的路网模型。 综合考虑上述两部分内容，提出了基于GIS 平台的系统总体设计。确定了系统在高速公路监控中心的定位，对系统包含的各个子系统进行了定义和功能说明，拟定了数据库的组成内容，阐述了系统的业务流程。 最后，作为本文研究内容的工程应用，着重介绍了所开发的软件“杭州湾大桥交通安全运营管理系统”。 关键词：高速公路，安全管理，GIS，决策支持系统，灾害性天气，安全监控, 道路安全数据库。 ABSTRACT Over the past decade and more, along with the massive construction of traffic infrastructure, the inconsistency between the demand of national economy development and the insufficiency of transport capacity has been relieved to a certain extent. However, the work on road safety had been neglected for a long time, caused a bad situation in traffic safety. Even now, the problem on freeways is still serious. In road safety management, a lot of facts should be considered, and the decision be made by managers are usually depend on experience, lacking in sufficient supports of safety theories. Especially in real-time traffic management, the data are numerous and complicated, purely handwork inevitably would slow down the decision-making pace. So, making use of the technologies such as computer tech, to establish the decision support system to managers based on existing theories and experience, would improve the efficiency and quality of decisions without doubt. With space analysis function and a good performance in videotext communication, Geographic Information System (GIS) could be a good platform for road safety management decision support system. Relying on the research and development of “Hangzhou-Bay Bridge Traffic Safety Management System”, this paper studies the work of freeway safety management on two aspects ---- real-time safety management and long-time ameliorating management, then establishes correlative models of decision support system, and applies some of it into practice. At first, this paper researches the pertinent theories and technologies both inland and overseas, and summarizes the facts that affect traffic safety of freeways. On the analysis of the time effect of these facts, this paper suggests the function hierarchies of Freeway Safety Management Decision Support System (FSMDSS) and their main content. Then, on real-time management aspect, this paper deeply analyzes its process and mode. Take the safety management under disaster weather as cut-in point and example, this section analyzes the process of real-time management, including information collecting, data disposing, and information releasing. After comparing the different safety countermeasures of interchanges, road sections and service areas, this paper suggests a mode for freeway real-time safety management. Combined with GIS theories, this paper establishes a road-net model that corresponds to the safety management mode. On long-time ameliorating management aspect, this paper summarizes the mathematic models of hazardous-location distinguishing and amelioration measure evaluating, then explains the road-net model that appropriate for those models. Synthetically the researches on real-time management and long-time ameliorating management, this paper suggests a synoptic design of FSMDSS based on GIS platform, include ascertaining the position of FSMDSS in monitoring and control center, defining the sub-systems and their functions, constituting the database, and establishing the business process of the system. At the end, this paper introduces the software ---- Hangzhou-Bay Bridge Transportation Safety Management System (HBTSMS), which has applied some contents of this paper into practice successfully. |
硕士论文