摘要 我国高速公路网日趋完善、功能需求稳步提升，高速公路改扩建的进程迅速推进，进入由传统的四车道高速公路改建加宽为多车道高速公路的发展历程。同时，高速公路交通安全问题成为发挥公路网辐射功能的突出制约难题。互通立交作为高速公路网交通流转换枢纽，其交通承载水平与安全设计决定路网的效率与安全。分、合流区是决定枢纽互通立交系统安全的核心区域之一，探究多车道高速公路分、合流区交通事故衍生机理、设计参数与科学的安全设计方法，旨在为（加宽）多车道高速公路分合流区的安全设计提供科学的设计方法与合理的设计参数，为多车道高速公路建设提供理论基础与智力支撑。 本文依托“基于事件的重大公路交通基础设施运营安全研究”课题（国家863高技术研究发展计划资助项目）及“（加宽）多车道高速公路互通立交安全设计与接入管理关键技术研究”（山东省交通科技创新项目）等，以多车道高速公路分合流区为研究对象，基于多车道高速公路分、合流区交通安全现状、交通事故典型类型与交通事故预测模型，挖掘分、合流区交通事故衍生与触发机理，提出分、合流区交通事故规避的理念与思路；通过远场观测试验与室内驾驶模拟试验，研究驾驶员与车辆在分合流区不同交通流、道路几何环境下的交通行为特性，进而从变速车道几何设计与互通立交间距、匝道端部间距等多维度探究多车道高速公路分合流区安全设计方法、设计新构架、设计参数。 首先，对我国多车道高速公路交通安全状况进行现场调研，收集与调研大量交通冲突、交通事故案例，发掘交通安全现状及交通事故主要类型、存在突出的交通安全问题。针对现场观测数据回归的交通事故预测模型诠释事故交通事故发生的内在与外在表现属性，从理论层面挖掘分合流区车辆追尾、换道碰撞型等交通事故的衍生机理与触发机制，进而提出多车道高速公路分合流区交通安全问题突出的科学问题、解决思路与理念。 其次，从多车道高速公路现实状况出发提出减速车道安全设计研究问题的重大需求，追溯高速公路减速车道设计方法与参数研究与应用的变革历程，揭示减速车道安全设计问题的本质与根源，并基于减速车道交通安全问题的源发机制、规避技术提出安全设计方法与框架。研究当前驾驶行为研究工作中存在的问题，针对我国高速公路线形设计特点与驾驶员交通行为特性，观测运营中的多车道高速公路分流驾驶行为特征，并采集车辆在不同出口类型处的速度、距离、分流位置、减速位置等现实参数信息，分析其内在作用规律与机制，并采用驾驶模拟仿真软件对车辆在分流区行驶轨迹、横向偏移、跨线换道位置点、减速度等交通行为参数进行高仿真度环境驾驶模拟试验，探索驾驶员、车辆与交通流条件及道路几何特性的内在机制，为多车道高速公路减速车道最小长度基础理论分析与合理取值提供现实依据和基础。着重从出口几何形式选择、设计基础理论与设计参数选取等角度探索研究多车道高速公路减速车道安全设计方法与参数的合理性，以动态加速度构建减速车道计算模型，基于修正计算模型提出多车道高速公路减速车道安全设计参数与几何设计的技术方法。 再次，追溯高速公路加速车道安全设计研究与应用的变革历程，揭示加速车道安全设计问题根源所在，提出错车道高速公路分流区安全设计方法的理念与框架。对运营中的多车道高速公路通过远场观测手段研究其合流驾驶行为特征，采集车辆在不同入口类型处的速度、距离、合流位置、加速位置等现实参数信息，分析其内在作用规律与机制，并采用驾驶模拟仿真软件对车辆在合流区行驶轨迹、横向偏移、跨线换道位置点、加减速度等交通行为参数进行高仿真度环境驾驶模拟试验，探索驾驶员、车辆与交通流条件及道路几何特性的内在机制。重点从入口几何形式选择、加速车道安全设计基础理论与设计参数选取等角度探索研究多车道高速公路加速车道安全设计方法与参数的合理性，提出基于概率型分析方法与可靠度理论（FOSM）的多车道高速公路加速车道几何设计的理念，并对间隙接受理论与参数在加速车道安全设计中的适应性进行论证与研究，进而，基于运动学理论提出适用的设计参数与技术方法。 再次，从高速公路接入管理系统出发阐述多车道高速公路互通立交与匝道端部间距的内涵与外延，从理论与工程实践两方面揭示互通立交与匝道端部间距对道路安全的内在影响机制，提出多车道高速公路互通立交间距的安全设计方法的基本框架，以事故统计数据作为互通与匝道端部间距设计中安全性能评价的主要依据；从理论研究与实践应用层面提出基于理论-经验的多车道高速公路互通立 交匝道端部间距安全设计方法构架，并对互通立交间距进行模型化与理论分析，以判断视距理论（DSDT）与交通事故预测模型反演（TPMIA/Traffic Accident Prediction Model Inversion Algorithm）探索复杂交通与几何设计条件下多车道高速公路匝道组合与间距安全设计参数值，并以 VISSIM 仿真技术为技术手段对其进行合理性论证。 最后，以京沪高速公路山东段（加宽）多车道高速公路实体工程为依托，研究驾驶行为特性、交通冲突与交通事故调研分析成果、变速车道设计参数、互通立交与匝道端部间距安全设计参数等理论与试验成果在现实工程中的应用。 总之，通过现场调研、驾驶模拟与仿真试验、理论分析、工程验证等手段，融入车辆与驾驶员的交通行为特性，从现实与科学层面提出了多车道高速公路分、合流区变速车道安全设计与匝道布置问题的技术方法与适应参数，为多车道高速公路的改扩建与运营管理提供了科学依据和理论支撑。 关键词：多车道高速公路，分流区，合流区，变速车道，驾驶行为，安全设计，可靠度理论，互通立交，立交间距，匝道端部间距。 ABSTRACT With the upgrading of China's expressway network improvement and functional requirements, the process of renovation and expansion of the rapid advance of the expressway, the expressway has entered the four-lane expressway from the traditional multi-lane expressway reconstruction widening the development process, while expressway traffic safety has become the radiation function of the road network to play prominent problem. Interchange expressway network as a key hub to convert its traffic load levels and network security design directly determines the efficiency and safety, and its diverging and merging areas are core security areas of interchange system. Exploring the accidents derivative security mechanism and design parameters， design methods of diverging and merging areas in multi-lane expressway are urgent both in scientific research level and at the level of the real needs. This paper funded by projects “Operational safety study of major transportation infrastructures during the incident state” (National Development Project 863 of High-technology Research), "(widening) multi-lane expressway interchange access management and safety design" issue (Shandong Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Project), etc.. Selected the multi-lane freeway merging and diverging areas as the study subject, based on the current traffic safety situation with the main types of accident prediction model based on multi-lane expressways, unearthed merging and diverging areas accidents derivatives and trigger mechanism proposed merging and diverging areas accident avoidance concepts or ideas; driving simulation test study by the driver and vehicle testing and indoor far-field observation of traffic behavior characteristics under different traffic flow and road geometry environment of merging and diverging areas; turn lane from shifting multi-lane expressway geometric design exploration merging and diverging areas safety design methods and design parameters to match with the ramp, interchange spacing dimension. Firstly, chose diverging and merging areas of multi-lane expressway as the target objects in multi-lane expressway traffic safety research, collection and research conflicts with massive traffic accident case analysis of traffic safety situation and the main types of accidents, the presence of prominent traffic safety issue. From the analysis of the meaning of road traffic accidents, accidents and then from the system highly analytical macroeconomic catastrophe model, and for the internal and external performance attributes accident prediction model interpretation of observational data regression scene of traffic accidents, and mining merging and diverging areas from the theoretical level derivative mechanism district accidents and trigger mechanism, and then based on the outstanding traffic safety issues into the accident mechanism proposed multi-lane expressway merging and diverging areas traffic safety issues outstanding scientific questions, solving ideas and concepts. Secondly, the reality of the situation from a multi-lane expressway proposed deceleration lane safety design research questions, recourse deceleration lane expressway design methods and change the course of research and application parameters to reveal the nature of the deceleration lane safety design issues and root causes, and proposed the framework of safety design method based on the deceleration lane traffic safety issues originating mechanism and evasion techniques. Analysis current issues driving behavior studies exist for the design characteristics and behavioral characteristics of expressway traffic driver linear our country, operating in a multi-lane expressway driving study its behavioral characteristics diversion by means of far-field observation and collection of vehicles at different type exit at the speed, distance, diverging position, gear position and other practical parameter information, analyze the role of law and its internal mechanisms, and the use of simulation software for driving the vehicle in the triage area of the track, the lateral offset, position of the point across the line to change lanes deceleration parameters such as traffic behavior driving simulation environment high degree of simulation experiments, exploring the driver, vehicle and road conditions and traffic flow geometry of the internal mechanism, the minimum length of the deceleration lane basis of theoretical analysis and reasonable value for the multi-lane expressways provide realistic basis and foundation. Focusing on exit geometric forms from the selection, design basic theory and design parameters selected angles to explore the rationality of multi-lane expressway deceleration lane safety design methods and parameters, in order to build dynamic acceleration deceleration lane computing model, proposed multi-lane high-speed correction calculation model based on deceleration lane expressway safety design parameters and technical methods of geometric design. Thirdly, recourse acceleration lane expressway safety design study and change the course of application acceleration lane safety design reveals root of the problem lies, and proposed acceleration lane safety design concept and framework approach. For operators in the multi-lane expressway through the far-field observation technology to study its confluence driving behavior characteristics, and collect the vehicle at different speeds entry type, distance, merging location, speed and other practical location parameter information, analyze the role of the law and its inherent mechanism and use of a vehicle driving simulation software running track at the confluence area, lateral offset, change lanes across the line position point, acceleration and deceleration parameters such as traffic behavior driving simulation environment high degree of simulation experiments, exploring the driver, the vehicle and traffic flow road conditions and the geometry of the internal mechanism. Select the focus from the entrance geometric forms, acceleration lane safety design basic theory and design parameters such as angle exploration and research to select multiple lane expressway acceleration lane safety design methods and parameters of rationality proposed method is based on probabilistic analysis and reliability theory (FOSM) of multi-lane freeway acceleration lane geometric design concept, and gap acceptance theory and safety parameters in the acceleration lane to demonstrate the adaptability of the design and research, and then, based on the theory put forward kinematics applicable design parameters and technical methods. Fourly, starting from the expressway access management system describes a multi-lane expressway interchange and ramp spacing connotation and denotation, both from the theoretical and practical aspects of engineering analysis interchange ramp spacing and the inherent impact on road safety mechanism to accident statistics as the main basis for interoperability with ramp spacing design safety performance evaluation，and proposed basic framework safety design methods of multi-lane freeway interchange; and proposed safety design method framework of multi-lane freeway interchange spacing based on the theoretical research and practical application leve, interchange spacing on modeling and theoretical analysis to determine sight distance theory (DSDT) and traffic accident prediction model inversion algorithm (TPMIA/Traffic Accident Prediction Model Inversion Algorithm) exploration ramp combined with the spacing security design parameters in complex multi-lane freeway traffic conditions and geometric designs, and techniques VISSIM simulation technology for its reasonableness argument. Finally, the Beijing-Shanghai Expressway Shandong section (widening) multi-lane expressway engineering entity relying on studies driving behavior characteristics, traffic accident investigation and analysis of the outcome of the conflict, shifting lane design parameters Interchange and ramp safety design parameters such as pitch Theoretical and experimental results of the application in real projects. In short, through field research, driving simulation and simulation experiments, theoretical analysis, engineering validation and other means, into a vehicle and traffic characteristics of the driver's behavior, multi-lane expressway speed-change lane in margining and diverging areas, and ramp safety design from a practical and scientific level technical problems , adapt methods layout parameters, providing a scientific basis and theoretical support for the renovation and expansion of the operational management of multi-lane expressways. Key Words: multi-lane expressway, diverging areas, merging areas, speed-change lanes, driving behavior, safety design, reliability theory, interchange, interchange spacing, ramp spacing. |
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