摘要 随着我国高速公路建设里程的快速增长，特别是西部地区公路网的完善，公路里程的不断增加，公路的改建与大修也成为了重要的建设工作之一。由于西部地区伴有大量的山区及高原，山区高速公路在进行养护维修作业时的交通环境非常复杂，安全问题日益突出。一旦在作业区发生事故，通常会涉及到养护作业人员等，同时对营救和交通组织都极为不利，并易引发重大事故和二次事故。因此，对于作业区的风险及保障研究受到普遍关注，也是非常有必要进行相关工作的。 本文依托“基于事件的重大公路交通基础设施运营安全研究”课题（国家863高技术研究发展计划资助项目）、“基于运营风险评价的高速公路事故预防与养护施工交通安全技术研究”课题（云南省交通厅科技项目）和“云南山区高速公路特定路段养护交通安全控制技术研究及示范”（云南省交通厅科技项目）。从高速公路养护作业区基本运行特性出发，将高速公路作业区安全管理分为安全保障与管理控制两个方面，从养护作业区安全设计及养护作业区运行管理两个角度保证作业区的安全运行。 首先，本文对高速公路作业区的运行特性进行了较为详细与完整的调查与分析，从高速公路基本路段与过渡路段的交通流运行特性、作业区的类型特征、交通特性及驾驶特性几个方面分别进行分析，并特别针对作业区的类型及交通组织方式、通行能力、车道流量与车头时距分布、驾驶行为与交通冲突、事故因子等进行了研究与分析，并结合国内外已有的研究成果进行比较，确定可以用于高速公路安全设计及管理控制的决策参数。在这一基础上，利用微观交通流仿真及虚拟现实驾驶模拟进行理论参数、实测参数及仿真参数的对比分析，评价不同数据采集手段的可靠性及应用范围，用于为部分参数提供可参考的采集方法。 其次，提出将宏观交通流状态与微观交通流行车安全性分析相结合的评价技术，即采用宏观交通流运行状态中的各项状态参数分布作为微观交通流行车安全性的参数，进行微观交通流行车安全状态的分布估计。同时提出基于驾驶员承受加速度状态的风险评价依据，基于此依据，得到不同宏观交通流状态下的微观交通流行车安全性水平的分布估计，用于评价路段不同车辆的整体性安全水平，及相对应的分布概率。根据山区高速公路的特点，对一般路段及各类过渡路段进行行车风险的分别计算与估计，最终进行作业区不同区段的风险分析与判别。 再次，根据作业区不同区段的风险分析研究成果，提出考虑交通流状态的山区高速公路作业区安全保障设计，对交通组织方案、作业区区段设计、交通管理策略等进行细化设计及优化，提出各项设计标准与参数参考。最终整合作业区安全保障设计及交通行车风险控制技术，提出用于作业区初期安全设计与管理方案制定的山区高速公路作业区安全保障综合系统，对作业区初步设计、作业区风险评估、作业区安全管理控制等多个部分对作业区的设计与管理提出了方法与流程，从事前与事中两个角度对作业区的风险控制及事故预防进行了运用与规范设计。 最后，本文依托楚大高速公路大修二期工程，将本文的研究成果运用于工程实践，并评估其效果及可行性。 总之，通过对高速公路作业区的交通流特性分析，提出了基于交通路参数分布的行车风险评估方法，在这一基础上提出了山区高速公路安全保障设计及交通流控制技术与对策，最终提出了两者相结合的高速公路作业区安全保障综合体系，用于指导作业区设计与交通组织及管理控制，为高速公路作业区的动态控制管理提供了理论依据和基本方法。 关键词：高速公路作业区，安全保障设计，风险管理控制，风险评估，交通流特性，综合保障系统 ABSTRACT With the rapid growth of mileage of the highways in China, especially the improvement of the road network of the western region, the number and length of the highways are growing, and the reconstruction and maintenance of the highways has also become an important one. As the numerous mountains and plateaus in the western areas, the traffic situation of the workzone in these highways is rather complex. It will be difficult for the rescue and transport organizations, and also easily lead to serious accidents and secondary accidents if there a accident occurs. Therefore, the security and operation management of workzones in mountainous highway is of universal concern. This paper funded by projects “Operational safety study of major transportion infrastructures during the incident state” (National Development Project 863 of High-technology Research), “Accident prevention and traffic safety techniques for workzones in highways based on operational risk assessment” (the Traffic Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province), “Research and demonstration on workzone of traffic safety control technology in specific sections in Yunnan’s mountainous highway” (the Traffic Science and Technology Project in Yunnan Province). According to the basic operational characteristics of workzone in highway, the security management was divided into two parts: the security and the management and control. And the safe operation of workzone is guaranteed by the safety design and the operation management of the workzone. First, the operation characteristics of the workzone in highways were investigated and analyzed, which contains the traffic flow, the characteristics of the workzone. And the traffic organization, capacity, the distribution of the lane flow and the time headway, the driving behavior and conflict and the accident factor were also investigated and analyzed, which were combined and compared with the research home and aboard and were accepted as the design parameter for the safety design and the operation and control in workzone. After all these, the microscopic traffic flow simulation and virtual reality driving simulation were applied for the comparison of the theory parameters, the measured parameters and the simulation parameters, which is considered as a evaluation method of the reliability and application region of the different data collection resources. These results can provide other researches with the reference and the collection method for traffic parameters. Secondly, the evaluation technique combined with the macroscopic traffic flow and the microscopic traffic analysis was proposed, which was designed as that the parameter distribution of macroscopic traffic flow was considered as the parameters of the safety model of microscopic traffic, and the safety satus will transfer to a safety distribution of the microscopic traffic. The endurance of acceleration of the drivers was applied for the level design of the microscopic traffic flow, which can be applied for the evaluation of the safety level. According to the characteristics of mountainous highway, the based section and other transitions were calculateed and estimation, and finally the operation risk analysis and estimation of different section.in workzone were processed. Thirdly, according to the risk analysis results of the different sections in workzone, the safety design considering the traffic flow status of the workzone was created, which detailed designed and modified the traffice organization, workzone design and the traffic management strategies, and provided with the design standards and parameters reference. In the end, the security design and the traffic risk control were consolidated as an integrated system of workzone safety, which can be applied for the primary safety design and operation programm. All these results served the primary design, the evaluation of traffic risk, safety management and control, which created a series of methods and processes. The entire system was designed for the risk control and design control and accident prevention according to the in advance period and the in progress period. In the end, the above theoretical results of the security and operation management research are applied in the second maintenance project of Chu Da expressway of as a case study. In short, based on the workzone traffic flow survey in expressway, the evaluation of traffic risk based on traffic road parameter distribution is established. And the safety design and the traffic flow control technology is established and all these compose the comprehensive security system. This system can be applied to guide the workzone design, the traffic organization and the management control, and also to provide the theoretical basis and basic method.for the dynamic control management of workzone in highways. Key words: highway’s workzone, security design, risk management and control, risk assessment, traffic flow, integrated security system |
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