摘要 近年来，随着我国公路通车里程迅速增长，机动车保有量飞速增加以及机动化水平的快速提高，公路交通事故频发，道路交通安全已成为比较严重的社会问题。双车道公路里程约占等级公路里程的1/3，而交通事故起数、受伤人数、死亡人数分别达到道路交通事故总数的38.07%、43.42%、51.09%。线形条件是制约、影响双车道公路安全至关重要的因素，有必要深入开展双车道公路线形安全性研究。 本文依托交通运输部《双车道公路安全性评价指南》编制课题，提出事故当量损失率评价指标，在对各类线形安全性调研的基础上，揭示了双车道公路的基本线形安全问题，对基本线形安全问题进行了深入理论分析、研究，提炼出11种典型线形安全问题及核心线形安全问题——平曲线半径大小、坡度大小。并对弯、坡路段从公路条件、驾驶员、车辆三个方面进行了深入安全性研究，基于事故当量损失率提出了安全评价模型及评价标准。 按照系统、全面的分类原则，用平、纵线形组合的分类方法将双车道线形分为直线-直坡段、直线-竖曲线段、平曲线-直坡段及平曲线-竖曲线段4 大类、20 种线形。运用事故当量损失率评价指标，对4 类、20 种双车道公路线形进行调研及安全性分析研究，总结、归纳出双车道公路的基本线形安全问题为：①直线长度；②坡度与坡长；③平曲线转角、长度、半径；④竖曲线半径、长度；⑤平、竖曲线对应；⑥线形一致性6个方面。运用道路安全理论、原理及方法，对双车道公路6个方面的基本线形安全问题进行了深入理论分析、研究，揭示了基本线形安全问题的安全机理。 同时，引入判断视距，从停车视距、会车视距、判断视距、超车视距四个方面对视距进行了调研及安全性研究；从典型横断面、超高、加宽三个方面对横断面进行了调研及安全性研究。 在上述调研、理论研究的基础上，提炼出双车道公路的11 种典型线形问题，并进一步研究提出双车道公路核心线形安全问题是平曲线半径大小问题、坡度大小问题，以弯、坡路段（尤其急弯陡坡）最为代表。 对弯、坡路段从公路条件、驾驶员、车辆三个方面进行了深入安全性研究。 对事故多发路段分析指出公路条件安全性差，体现在平曲线半径过小、坡度过大以及视距不足3个方面。根据事故当量损失率与弯、坡路段平曲线半径及坡度相关关系提出弯、坡路段事故当量损失率评价模型；并将弯、坡路段安全性划分为良好、一般、差三个等级，安全临界值分别为110万元/km、510万元/km。 从驾驶员心率变化、动态视觉特性、驾驶员操作行为及易于疲劳方面研究了驾驶员安全性。应用车辆三自由度动力学模型对车辆转向及操作稳定性进行了分析、研究；对制动减速度减小造成的制动距离增加进行了理论分析；应用车辆四轮八自由度动力学模型分析了车辆弯道制动的方向稳定性；同时对车辆在弯下坡路段的横向稳定性进行了分析、研究。 最后，根据上述研究及成果，提出适合我国道路安全评价现状的双车道公路线形安全评价“一般清单”及“专家清单”。 关键词：双车道公路,线形分类,事故当量损失率，基本线形安全问题,典型线形安全问题，弯坡，事故当量损失率模型，驾驶员安全性,车辆安全性，线形安全评价清单 |
ABSTRACT In recent years, with rapid growth in traffic mileage of highway, fast increase in motor vehicle ownership, and express enhancement of the level of motorization, road traffic accidents have happened frequently. Road safety has become a serious social problem. The mileage of two-lane highway is about 1/3 of highway mileage, while the number of traffic accidents, injuries, deaths, reached 38.07%, 43.42%, 51.09% in the total number of road traffic accidents respectively. Alignment is the critical factor that influences safety of two-lane highway. It is necessary to study the alignment safety of two-lane highway deeply. The research is supported by the subject of "Safety Audit Guidelines of Two-lane Highway "of the Department of Transport Of the People’ Republic of China. The evaluation index of equivalent loss rate of accident is put forward. Based on investigation on various types of alignment on spot, the basic problem of alignment safety is revealed. The basic problem is studied theoretically in depth. Subsequently 11 kinds of typical alignment problems and the core problem of alignment safety (the value of radius of horizontal curve, slope gradient) are sum up. And bending-slope segment is studied in highway conditions, driver and vehicle. Meanwhile, based on equivalent loss rate of accident, the safety evaluation model and the evaluation criteria of the bending-slope segment are put forward. According to the systematic and comprehensive classification principle, the alignment of two-lane highway is divided into straight line-straight slope segment, straight line-vertical curve segment, horizontal curve- straight slope segment and horizontal curve-vertical curve segment 4 categories, 20 kinds, using the method of horizontal-vertical alignment combination. The evaluation index of equivalent loss rate of accident is used to investigate the 4 categories, 20 kinds of alignment and the basic safety problem of alignment is summarized and classified. It is as follows: ① the length of a straight line; ② gradient and slope length; ③ deflection angle, length and radius of horizontal curve; ④ vertical curve radius, length; ⑤ corresponding of horizontal curve and vertical curve; ⑥ alignment consistency. Using road safety theory, principles and methods, the basic problems of alignment safety are analyzed and studied in depth. The safety mechanism of the basic safety problem is revealed. Meanwhile, decision sight distance is introduced and sight distance is investigated on spot and studied in stopping sight distance, meeting sight distance, decision sight distance, passing sight distance. Alignment of cross-sectional is also investigated on spot and studied in typical cross-sectional, superelevation and widening of horizontal curve. On the base of above research, 11 kinds of typical alignment problems are concluded. Meanwhile, it is presented that the core alignment safety problem is the value of radius of horizontal curve and slope gradient. Bending-slope segment (especially sharp bending on steep slopes) is the most representative. Safety of the Bending-slope segment is studied in highway conditions, driver and vehicle deeply. The dangerous road condition is because of the smaller radius value, the bigger slope value and poor sight distance conditions. According to the relationship of equivalent loss rate of accident and radius of horizontal curve, slope gradient, the safety evaluation model of bending-slope segment is brought forward. And the safety level is divided into good, fair, poor and the safety threshold is 1100 thousand yuan/km and 5100 thousand yuan/km respectively. Driver safety is studied in change of heart rate, dynamic visual features, and driver behavior and fatigue property. Stability of vehicle steering and vehicle operation is studied by dynamic model of three degrees of freedom. Increase of braking distance is analyzed. The direction stability of the vehicle turn-braking is studied by vehicle dynamic model of four-wheel-eight-degrees of freedom. Meanwhile, the lateral stability of vehicle is investigated. Finally, according to the above studies results, “Commen Safety Audit Checklists of Two-lane Highway Alignment” and “Expert Safety Audit Checklists of Two-lane Highway Alignment” are put forward. Key Words: two-lane highway, alignment classification, equivalent loss rate of accident, basic safety problem of alignment, typical safety problem of alignment, bending-slope segment, model of equivalent loss rate of accident, driver safety, vehicle safety, checklists of alignment safety audit |
博士论文