路堑环境协调性设计与评价方法研究

Design and evaluation  methods for highway cuts

in harmony with  environment

研究生：贾致荣

指导教师：郭忠印教授

二〇〇八年十二月

摘要

新理念公路设计，力求实现公路与自然环境、人文环境的和谐统一；人们对出行的需求也不再只是简单的空间移动，而是更加注重公路沿线景观美学的欣赏与环境的保护，最终达到人与自然相和谐的境界，而实现路堑与环境的协调是达到以上要求的重点和难点之一。随着山区公路建设比重的增加，解决路堑与环境的协调问题显得更加紧迫。本研究正是在这样的背景下展开的。

本文首先对山东省中部的G22、G205、S236、S329等8条国省道的路堑展开了调查，总结了路堑与环境不协调的问题，用了近3年的时问对济南～青岛高速公路南线的路堑设计与建设进行了跟踪调查，参与了设计方案的动态优化设计。在专家咨询和工程实践的基础上，利用了美学、环境工程学、交通工程学、岩土工程学等基本理论，提出了一系列的路堑环境协调性设计方法和综合的评价方法。取得的成果如下：

（1）通过大量的调查，揭示了路堑“戴帽子”的设计方法与协调性设计不适应、边坡的自然恢复力没得到有效利用、路堑与周围地形不协调、排水设施缺乏隐蔽、路界内外植被缺乏联系、施工痕迹明显等路堑环境协调性突出问题。

（2）在归纳了路堑协调性设计所涉及的视觉原理、色彩原理、形式美规律、路堑绿化基本理论的基础上，着眼于解决路堑环境不协调的问题，提出了现代公路路堑设计应遵循的新理念，提出了路颦工程设计与景观设计的整合设想，提出了一系列的协调性设计的具体方法和技巧。包括：

①进行了公路景观等级划分，提出了“555原则”，进行了基于岩性-结构的岩质边坡分类，进行了路堑边坡景观敏感度分级，提出了采用“削弱-凸显”处理路堑段构造物，提出了色彩设计办法，提出了排水设施协调性处理办法等。

②系统地提出了路堑与地形协调的办法和技巧。如提出了路堑设计成果表达新方法，给出了边坡削平设计方法、沟谷创造方法，提出了平面线形布置与路堑的协调技巧、横断面设计与地形的协调技巧，还探讨了自然式边坡的施工方法等。

（3）构建了路颦协调性评价指标体系，由视觉环境协调、生态环境协调、交通环境协调构成了准则层，线形等8项内容构成子准则层，公路线形与地形的协调程度等22个指标构成指标层，利用层次分析法给出了各级指标的权重，利用多级模糊综合评价获得了路堑协调性评价的结果，并给出了基于层次分析法的多级模糊综合评价方法算例。

（4）为服务路堑边坡协调性设计，增强边坡景观评价的客观性和完整性，给边坡设计方案决策提供依据，应用SD法(Semantic  Differential Method)定量评价了7种路堑边坡的视觉效果。设计了问卷调查表，选择56名评价者，采用5段评价尺度、20组形容词对，得出评价值。结果表明，路堑景观的视觉效果由和谐因子、变化因子、施工因子三评价轴所构成；坡面植被覆盖率高且草灌结合的景观类型受到很高评价，而人工痕迹明显的边坡得到评价值较低；为增加边坡的视觉美学价值，应重点提高边坡与环境的协调程度，减少人工痕迹，灵活变化坡形，改进绿化模式。

（5）利用了经济学的基本原理，采用碳税法、生产成本法、替代工程法、市场价值法等多种方法，分析了边坡防护的减少水土流失价值、植物固碳释氧价值、涵养水源价值、滞尘价值、吸收二氧化硫价值、改善景观价值等，提出了具体的定量估算计算式，形成了边坡防护方案比选的量化方法。实例分析表明，量化比选的结论清楚，一定程度上解决了定性比较与定量比较结论不一致时的决策问题，可为环境协调性设计方案比选提供支持。

最后，给出了工程实例，并对下一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。

关键词：公路，环境工程，路堑，设计，协调性，评价

ABSTRACT

New concepts  of highway design require to make highway harmony with natural environment  and human environment. People’s requirements of trip are not the simple space  movement，people  pay more attention on the appreciation of the landscape along the highway and  the protection of the environment, and they hope to finally fulfill the  harmony between human beings and nature. However, fulfilling the harmony  between cut and environment is one of the most important and difficult issues  to achieve the above requirements. With the increasing proportion of mountainous  highway, it is more urgent then before to solve the harmonious issues between  cut and environment. This is the background of the study．

In this  dissertation, 8 national and provincial highway in the middle of Shandong province  were firstly investigated, such as G22, G205, S236, S329, and so on, and the unharmonious  issues between cut and environment were summarized. Moreover, the candidate  spent about 3 years on tracking investigation of the design and construction of  the south line of Jinan-Qingdao expressway, and took part in the dynamic  optimum design of design schemes．Based on the expert consultation and engineering practice, a  series of design methods and comprehensive evaluation method were put forward  toward the harmony between cut and environment by using the fundamental  theories of aesthetics, environmental engineering, traffic engineering, geotechnical  engineering, etc. Conclusion is following：

(1)Many  harmony issues between cut and environment were uncovered by investigations,  such as conventional cross-section design method did not meet the requirement  of coordination design, restoring ability of slope by nature was not being effectively  utilized, cut did not constructed in coordination with surrounding terrain,  drainage facilities did not be concealed, vegetation were lack of lack of  relations between the inside and outside of the road boundary, construction  traces were too visible, etc．

(2)By summing  up the visual principle，color principle，law of form beauty, basic theory for cut revegetation that related  to the harmony design, focusing on the solving of the disharmony issues, new  concepts were put forward that applied to the cut design of modem highway,  and the idea of integration engineering design and landscape design was  given, and a series of harmony design methods and new design concept were  also proposed. Including：

①A new idea of establishment  the design class system of highway landscape was introduced，and a“555”principle and the  classification method of landscape sensitivity of cut-slope were also put  forward, a principle of weakening or strengthening was also introduced to  deal with the structures within the cutting sections, color design method and  harmony design method of drainage facilities were also introduced.

②Methods and techniques that  make cut be in harmony with surrounding terrain were put forward firstly. For  instance, a new method for the expression of cut design, a new method of  grading design of side slopes fitting roadside topography, a new method of  creating ravine, layout technique of plane alignment harmonized with cut,  design technique of cross-section fitting roadside topography, construction  method of natural slope, etc．

(3)Harmony  evaluation index system of cut-slope Was constructed．Rule hierarchy was composed  of three aspects, visual environment harmony, environment harmony, traffic  environment harmony, and sub-rule hierarchy was composed of alignment, and so  on, index layer was composed of coordination degree between highway alignment  and topography, and other 21 indexes. The weights of indexes at all levels  were presented by utilizing the analytic hierarchy process．and the value of harmony  evaluation was obtained by utilizing the method of multilevel fuzzy comprehensive  evaluation, and an example Was also given using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy  process method(FAHP)．

(4)In order to  serve the harmony design of cut-slope, enhance the objectivity and integrity  of landscape evaluation, and provide the basis for decision.-making of cut-slope  design schemes, this dissertation applied the semantic differential method to  quantitatively analyze the visual effects of 7 types of cut-slope. The author  designed questionnaire, sleeted 56 appraisers, took 5-sect value measure, 20  adjective pairs and got the value table of investigation. The results showed  that the visual effects of cut-slope landscapes were composed of three  evaluation axes, namely, harmony, diversity and construction. Cut-slope  landscape types with high vegetation coverage and integration of grass and  shrub were highly praised. However, landscape types with strong man-made  traces got low evaluation grades. In order to increase the visual aesthetic  value of cut-slope, improving the harmony between the slope and the environment,  reducing the artificial traces, changing the shape of slope with flexibility,  ameliorating the model of greening should be stressed.

The basic  principles of economics were utilized，methods of carbon tax, production cost, alternative engineering  market value were adopted, and the value of side protection reducing the soil  erosion, the value of vegetation sequestrating carbon dioxide and releasing  oxygen, the value of conserving the source of water, the value of restraining  dusts, the value of sequestrating sulfur dioxide，the value of landscape improving  were analyzed，and  the methods how to estimate the benefits quantitatively were put forward，and the quantitative  comparison method of choosing protection schemes of cut-slope Was built．The case analytical results  indicate that the conclusions of quantitative comparison method are clear,  could be helpful in comparison of environment harmony design schemes to some  extent when the conclusions of qualitative comparison were different from the  quantitative comparison．

In the  finality, an engineering example Was given，and the problems requiring further studies were  briefly discussed．

Key words：Highway, Environmental  engineering, Cuts, Design, Harmony, Evaluation