摘要 在我国高速公路建设大发展期间，高速公路密度不断提高，高速公路交通网络逐步形成，但同时已建成通车的高速公路在运营中也出现了较为严重的交通安全问题。这很大一部分原因是管理手段滞后，管理体制不完善，管理水平低造成的。因此，迫切需要采用先进的信息、安全与管理技术，建立一个高速公路网运营安全管理系统，以确保高速公路的行车安全。 通过调研国内外相关系统和技术的研究应用现状可知，本系统的发展趋势是：交通安全网络全局化管理；GIS安全分析决策工具的支持；基于全天候、综合事件的运营安全管理；运用多元化、信息化和智能化的交通管理与控制手段。因此，本文依托上海沪宁高速公路和杭州湾跨海大桥两项工程，以高速公路网为研究对象，以影响路网运行安全的事件（灾害性天气、不良交通状态、交通事件和临时施工）为基本研究条件，以地理信息技术为研究手段，研究了建立基于GIS的高速公路网运营安全管理系统的一些关键技术和问题。 首先，在全面分析高速公路网运营安全客观影响因素的基础上，进一步从用户需求和功能需求两方面深入分析了系统的需求，由此提出了基于GIS的高速公路网运营安全管理系统的层次结构和功能结构。 其次，在总结现有交通网络GIS数据模型的不足的基础上，提出了满足系统安全管理需要的，基于交通流特性的高速公路交通网络GIS数据模型，确定了该模型的基本建模要素、各要素逻辑表达方式和建模规则，设计了其概念、逻辑和物理数据模型。该模型在系统中的应用表明：它有利于响应路网突发事件和迅速触发安全管理决策，是GIS-T数据模型向行为视图发展的较好尝试。 再次，在完善高速公路网运营安全管理各类标准形式的基础上，基于所提出的高速公路交通网络GIS数据模型，综合运用系统工程的建模方法、优化方法、仿真方法、预测方法、评价方法和决策方法，建立和设计了不同安全管理条件下的高速公路网运营安全管理决策模型与算法。这些安全管理条件主要是由各种灾害性天气、不良交通状态、交通事件和高速公路临时施工等事件组合成的综合条件。在决策研究过程中，还提出了适用于高速公路网运营安全管理决策的，多层次多目标路网安全管理单元划分方法，以及一种称为“三维决策网络”的系统决策分析方法。 再次，通过进行系统数据特征分析和数据分类整理，提出了一种基于信息分类的数据库框架结构模型，借助于该模型建立了基于GIS的高速公路网运营安全管理系统的数据库框架，并具体研究了数据库各组成部分的内容、关系、数据结构以及编码规则。 最后，依托杭州湾跨海大桥工程，将基于GIS的高速公路网运营安全管理系统研究成果应用于工程实践。并对进一步工作的方向进行了简要的讨论。 关键词：高速公路网，运营安全，管理系统，GIS数据模型，决策模型与算法，灾害性天气，不良交通状态，交通事件，数据库 ABSTRACT During the rapid development of freeway construction in China, the freeway density is enhanced continuously and freeway traffic network is established gradually. Unfortunately the serious problems about traffic safety occurred in the operation of freeway put into use mainly because of degraded management measure, imperfect management system and low management level. Therefore it is urgent to establish a freeway network operation safety management system based on advanced information, safety and management technology for running safety. Under the review of freeway operation safety management system around the world, the trend of the system can be described as four parts. That is global management for traffic safety networks, support of GIS based safety analysis/decision tools, operation safety management based on all-weather and synthetically events, application of multi-element, informationalized and intelligent traffic management and control measures. The paper, which studies the key technology about establishment of GIS based freeway operation safety management system, originates from the projects of Hu-Ning freeway and Hangzhou bay cross-sea bridge. Firstly, the system requirements including user requirement and functional requirement are analyzed based on comprehensive evaluation of objective influence factor for freeway network operation safety. Moreover, the GIS based freeway network operation safety management system hierarchy is presented. Secondly, by summarization of the present GIS data model shortage for traffic networks, a GIS data model for traffic networks based on traffic flow characteristics is presented, which meets the system safety management’s requirement. Then preliminary modeling elements, logic expressions of every element and modeling regulation are defined. Besides, the conceptional, logical and physical data model is designed. The application results of the model show that it is a useful try from GIS-T data model to behavioral view, for it helps to respond emergent events of freeway networks and trigger safety management decision. Thirdly, based on the GIS data model presented above, the paper supplements the all kinds of standard form for freeway network operation safety management and designs decision model and algorithm for the freeway network operation safety management under different safety management conditions by adoption of system engineering based modeling, optimization, simulation, prediction, evaluation and decision methods. The safety management conditions are compounded with different disaster weather, bad traffic status, traffic events and temporary construction of freeway. During decision study a multi-level and multi-object partition method for freeway network safety management unit and a three dimension decision networks based system decision/analysis method. Fourthly, a data base framework model based on information classification is presented by system data characteristics analysis and data arrangement. From the model the data base frame of the GIS based freeway network operation safety management system is established and each element of the data base including content, interaction, data structure and coding regulation is researched in detail. Finally, the GIS based freeway network operation safety management system is applied on Hangzhou bay cross-sea bridge project for practice. Then the following work is discussed briefly. Key Words: freeway network, operation safety, management system, GIS data model, decision-making model and algorithm, disaster weather, bad traffic status, traffic events, database. |
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