摘要 公路重大交通基础设施（如特大型桥梁、长大隧道以及隧道群等，本文简称“重大基础设施”）作为运输网络的重要枢纽和关键部位，将路网有效的联通，实现高效便捷的运输。但其同时也是路网中的“瓶颈”，在灾害性天气或异常事件情况下，一旦交通受阻或中断，设施本身的交通运营受到严重影响，同时还将影响路网整体的运营安全和运营效率。基于此背景，本文针对灾变条件下重大基础设施的运营安全对策进行选题和开展研究。 本文依托杭州湾跨海大桥工程，以重大基础设施及其相关路网为研究对象，以灾变条件为研究（影响）条件，以建立重大基础设施的运营安全对策库为研究目标，对分级限速对策和路网诱行对策进行深入的理论探讨，并将研究结果用于杭州湾跨海大桥工程实践。 建立了灾变条件下的重大基础设施运营安全对策库。包括从道路角度考虑和从环境角度考虑的工程技术对策；分设施主体，进出口以及周边路网的交通管理对策；以及相对应的联动措施。 根据重大基础设施交通运营特性，提出分段管理对策。对交通流基本模型及基本参数进行比较分析，从时间、空间离散化分析交通流在限速情况下的运营特性，采用车流波动理论、行车动力学等论述推导分级限速对策问题，并结合实体工程采用数值计算以及 Vissim交通仿真分析，得到分级限速对策的控制指标及参数。 在分析重大基础设施时间、空间分布，交通运营以及安全管理特性的基础上，同时考虑重大基础设施及其周边相关路网的运营安全影响，确定其影响范围。提出哑铃型路网模式用于重大基础设施，从形式上、逻辑关系以及拓扑构成上清晰地描述了重大基础设施的路网形态。并提出相应的路网构建原则和构建流程。完整的哑铃型路网算法由边界算法，通路求解算法以及最短（安全）路径算法构成，是路网诱行对策的基础理论支撑。 边界算法的确定界定了路网诱行对策涉及的范围，防止了路网模型的泛化。从道路用户和道路管理者两方面，考虑时间成本效益、交通流量等因素，对哑铃型路网的边界确定算法进行研究。推导其边界算法，并给出了数值解和简化算法。 针对哑铃型路网特性，提出了先搜索全部通路，而后讨论路权，再进行交通网络分流等求解的模式。分别采用矩阵运算、深度优先搜索、宽度优先搜索等方法重点对哑铃型路网的通路求解进行了讨论。 在一定的灾变条件下，在确定的路网基础上，对有关车辆施行路径诱导对策，以达到分流交通量、缓解拥堵，防止二次事故发生，减少救援车辆行程时间等目的。重点针对不完全连通节点，从路网拓扑关系变换和数据信息变换两方面对最短路径算法改进，用于路网诱行对策。并采用动态链接库的形式编制相应的算法程序供安全管理系统使用。 最短（安全）路径算法只是路径诱导对策的具体实现方法，而算法的计算基础数据（路段阻抗）需要实时的更新确定。因此需要采用基于灾变条件的、动态的、考虑事故风险的安全评价（动态路阻）。在对交通流行为特性进一步讨论的基础上，通过相似性分析，提出了安全车域和车单元概念。采用流变学模型，将环境参数转化为车单元的固有可变物理属性。借助流体波动理论将交通流运动视为流体运动进行分析。建立一维的两单元基本模型和本构方程。采用车单元的应变控制作为单车安全评价方法，通过积分变换得到路段、路网的安全状态水平。使路径诱行对策能够同时用于单个车辆和群体车辆。 最后，将本文的研究成果用于杭州湾跨海大桥依托工程。并对进一步研究工作的方向做了简要分析说明。 关键词：灾变条件，公路重大交通基础设施，运营安全，对策，哑铃型路网，分级限速，最短路径算法，安全车域，杭州湾跨海大桥 ABSTRACT The highway significant transportation infrastructure (for example large-scale bridge & tunnel, tunnel group and so on, this article is called "pivotal infrastructure") is the important key position and the essential spot in the transportation network; pass the road network effective association, realization highly effective convenient transportation. But at the same time it is also "the bottleneck" in the road network, in disaster weather or unusual event situation, once the transportation is blocked or the severance, the facility itself traffic operation comes under the serious influence, meanwhile will affect the operation security and efficiency of the whole road network. Based on this background, this article research operational safety strategies of highway pivotal infrastructure under disaster condition. Depended on the Hang Zhou bay bridge project, take the pivotal infrastructure and its the correlation road network as the research object, take disaster condition as the research (influence) condition, take establishes the operation security strategies of the pivotal infrastructure as the research aim. The sectionalization speed limits and road network path choose has been discussed, and used in the Hang Zhou bay bridge. The operation security strategies of the pivotal infrastructure under disaster condition have been built, including engineering technology measure, which considering road and environment; traffic management which considering the main facility, the import, the export and the road network; As well as corresponds measure. According to the pivotal infrastructure traffic operation characteristic, proposes the partition management countermeasure. The basic model and parameter of traffic flow has been carried on the comparative analysis, the operation characteristic from the time, the spatial of the traffic flow has been analysis in the speed limits situation. The sectionalization speed limits measure has been discussed by uses traffic flow wave theory and driving dynamics theory, and uses the Numerical computation as well as the Vissim transportation simulation software analysis with the engineering, obtains the control target and the parameter of the sectionalization speed limits. Based on analysis the characteristic of the pivotal infrastructure time, spatial distribution, traffic operate and safety management, consider the operation of pivotal infrastructure and relevant road networks, confirm its coverage. Propose Dumbbell Road Network (DRN) mode use for pivotal infrastructure; have described great road network shape of infrastructure clear from formal, logic relation and topological. Put forward the corresponding road network and construct the principle and construct the procedure. Intact DRN algorithm including border algorithm, path solve algorithm and the shortest route algorithm. The boundary algorithm indeed delimitation decided the scope of the road network, had prevented the road network model exuded. From two aspects, the road user and the road manager, considered time factor and so on cost benefit, traffic flow, to the DRN boundary determined the algorithm research. Infers its boundary algorithm, and has produced the numerical solution and the simplification algorithm. To the dumbbell type road network characteristic, have proposed searching for all thorough fares first, and then discuss the right of the path, and then carry on the traffic network measure etc solved mode. Adopt matrix operation; depth-first search, breadth-first search etc. solve the path of the DRN. Under the disaster condition, implement to vehicle choose route in the road network, so as to shunt the volume of traffic, relieve block, and prevent the occurrence of second accidents, reduce the journey time of the rescue vehicle, etc. To feed incomplete through node, improved the shortest-path algorithm by vary with data information and road network topological relation. Adopt the form of dynamic link library (DLL) to work out the algorithm procedure for the safe administrative system to use. Shortest (safest) route algorithm is only the implementation method of the road network path choose measure, and the calculation basic data (the impedance of highway section) of the algorithm needs real-time renewal to be fixed. Safety assessment based on the disaster condition, dynamic and accident risk is needed (dynamic impedance of highway section). Through analyzing similarly, have put forward the safety area and car unit concept. Adopt the rheology model; turn the environmental parameter into the inherent variable physical attribute of the car unit. Fluctuate through fluid theory regard traffic flow as fluid. Set up one-dimensional basic models and Constitutive equation. Adopt car strain control, as bicycle safety evaluation method; get safety level of highway section, road network through integral transformations. Make the route can be used in single vehicles and colony vehicles. Finally, research results have been used in the Hang Zhou bay bridge. The further research aspects have been briefly illustrated. Key Words: disaster condition, highway Pivotal Infrastructure, safety operation, strategies, Dumbbell Road Network（DRN）, sectionalization speed limits, shortest path algorithm , safety domain, hangzhou bay bridge. |
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